My Trip to Europe Essay

Since my childhood I dreamed about traveling around the world. Last year in summer my dream finally came true. I took a trip to Europe. I traveled to Switzerland, Slovenia, Slovakia, Austria, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, France and Italy. I went to many interesting places including the Louvre and Eiffel tower in France, the castle of Koln in Germany, the Anne Frank house and the Amsterdam in Netherlands, Mountains in Switzerland, Madame Tussauds in Austria, Manneken Pis in Belgium and many more. Well, the reason I went on this trip and got the chance to go see all these fantastic places was because of my father. He actually paid the whole expenses of my trip. I went on this trip with my friend Kaj Falk Wiklund from Switzerland. There’s only one word to describe Switzerland, and that’s beautiful. The country turned out to be extremely clean. There are not as many tourist attractions but the scenery alone was enough to full fill my trip or I would like to say more than enough. Zurich, Geneva, Interlaken are the main attraction places in Switzerland. Zurich’s multicultural flair and variety of leisure activities makes it popular with travelers from all over the world. Interlaken is considered the adventure capital of Switzerland and its more than 45 mountain railways, cable cars, chair lifts and ski lifts lead the adventurous to 150 miles of slopes and a dense network of hiking trails. The architect in Netherlands was absolutely beautiful and the cities and places we went, spoke of so much history. One of my favorite places was the Anne Frank house. All my life I’ve heard of everything she went through, but to actually be in the place she stood and struggled, to read the actual journal she wrote in, it was astounding. There was so much emotion and history, and a mix of feelings that hit me. I was just extremely honored to even be there. But we waited in line for a long time since we go there in the afternoon. Another place is the capital city of Netherlands called Amsterdam. It is the place that all the teenagers are dreaming of. Amsterdam is famous for its vibrant and diverse nightlife especially the red light district. I really have some significant memories of this place. Germany is also another place where is so much to do and so many sites to  see. The historic city Lindau, The Brandenburg Gate and The ultimate fairytale castle Neuschwanstein are the most popular places in Germany and I am really happy to get the chance of visiting there. The historic city Lindau is located near the meeting point of the Austrian, German and Swiss borders in the eastern part of Lake Constance. The Brandenburg Gate is the only surviving city gate of Berlin and symbolizes the reunification of East and West Berlin. It is regarded as one of the most famous landmarks in Europe. The ultimate fairytale castle, Neuschwanstein is situated on a rugged hill near Fà ¼ssen in southwest Bavaria. It was the inspiration for the Sleeping Beauty castles in the Disneyland parks. Neuschwanstein is the most photographed building in the country and one of the most popular tourist attractions in Germany. Just in general, Germany had such a pleasant atmosphere and everyone was so friendly. It was truly one of my favorite countries that we went to. France is well known by the name of Paris. Paris is called ‘The city of Romance’ and ‘the culinary capital of the world’. There are so many phenomenal things to see and do so we never got bored. I had read about Eiffel Tower in my text books, but experiencing it for myself, is truly amazing and wonderful. We went to the top of the Eiffel Tower and were able to see the entire city from the top, which was jaw dropping for me. The Louvre was absolutely fantastic. Actually getting to see so many of the masterpieces of the world that I’ve learned about in class was mind blowing, especially when I saw the Mona Lisa. The streets were exactly the same as I had read in books. Paris, France is one of the most amazing places I had ever visited. In every country I had stayed in my friend’s house. Their families were so warmhearted. So I got the chance to learn their culture being so close. I felt different environment and culture staying with each family though they all live in Europe. But one thing is in common with everyone that they were so fascinating. While I was in Switzerland I stayed with Kaj and his family. I even attended his school there and got the chance to experience their education system. It was so cool and better than ours. In conclusion, this trip really did have an impact on my life though. It was such a great opportunity to see and really experience the different parts of the world. And believe me Norway is the most expensive country in the world. This trip planted in me, an appreciation for all the cultures and different type of people in our world. It really was a fantastic experience for me.

Define and Discuss Organizational Culture as It Relates to HR Management

Healthcare settings is an upcoming recognized organization. As an organization that operates on multiple backgroung and culture nurses it requires a proper planning. therefore organization culture is established in all companies including healthcare settings to bring all workers to work together. organization culture is a shared belief with values,norms,mission and vision. human resource do reallyb plays an important role in maintaining and restoring the values of organization culture through their workers. (reference). Organization is aunit that holds workes together that works hand-in –hand. rganizationn culture is something of shared belief,norms,values,written or unwriiten rules of a organization. ( ). The concept of an organizational culture is to hold and teach their employees in teamwork. the concept of organizational culture also distinguish one organization to the other. for example nurses only wears white uniform and a nurses cap,but nowadays every different hospital s have their own badge logos,uniform colours with different tones to distinguish healthcare workers according to their beaurachy ranks. he concept of an organizational culture of a hospital to make one’s hospital the number 1 in their region,country or maybe in healthcare market. to sustain the organizational concept ,each organization has their own mission and vision and their core values. through this they can be recognized to be outstanding and different from other healthcare settings. for example the vision and mission of national university hospital practices â€Å"shaping medicine for the future†,†advancing health by intergrated clinical care,research and education†, and†teamwork,respect,integrity,compassion,excellence†. hey also do have a service slogan of†greet&smile,go the extra mile,delighted to serve,deliver with love†. throuh all this words it really encourages nurses to join and serve for this hospital. the organization makes sure this is all taken care by sending their newly recruited nurses for 2weeks orientation program which is also calls as induction program. this programe is very essential for a new staff to be introduced o the organizational culture. Internal factors that affect an organizational culture is the is essential for nurses to success because no one person has the full range of skills and knowledge. team player is attentive to the viewa and concers of others. by having no teamwork staffs tend to be selfish and culculative where it leads to â€Å" tidak apa attitude† leads to unstandard unproductive nurses. due to this customers will divert themselves to other hospital. the othe factor is no proper orientation to new nurses. nursing care is standard throuthout Singapore but nursing protocol and job scope is different according to different hospitals. for example in Gleneagles hospital nurses are allowed to take verbal order for iv medication but in nuh nurses are not suppose to take verbal orders for iv mications. o when new nurses are not orientate and different nursing care is given it becomes an issue and the standard drop as harming the organizational; culture. the other factor is old pioneer nurses refuses to go for upgrading courses as nnew nurses are with degrees and diploma and higher. the other factor is low slary icreament as low wages where leads to resighnation. the other factor no upgrading skills. The other factor is political. cabinets talks about increament but not granted. local trained nurses migrate and work overseas because good salary. The other factor is workload getting more and nurses less manpower. his leads to staff burnout to work extra hours and shift. but hospitals doen’t pay overtime but pay them do owing as tocut costs. Human resorce do play an important role in organizational culture. human resource recruit new nurses and sent them for proper training. human resource do sent staffs for induction programme and also for in house talks. they also update their nurses by sending circulars about hospital news,meetings and message from their ceo. human resource also do prepare an appraisal programme every end of years for nurses to get their increametns.

Comparison of two readings on terrorism. Links to each article is Essay

Comparison of two readings on terrorism. Links to each article is attached in instructions - Essay Example For instance, Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) group of India suffered from its close association with Pakistan (Carter, 2012). To illustrate this fact, the author uses data collected on 648 terrorist and insurgent groups that were in existence between 1968 and 2006 globally. The results show that although such sponsorship helps to supply the group with much needed resources, this has a negative effect on the group. Based on the results, the author concludes that a terrorist group with a sponsor does not help to avoid elimination. In addition, sponsorship with a safe haven increases the likelihood of internal wrangles. As a policy implication, the author asserts that forceful elimination of such groups becomes relevant as they age. In the article by Lyle Pienaar (2008) focuses on state sponsored terrorism in Africa, focusing on the case of Libya and Sudan. In the article, the author begins by defining state-sponsored terrorism, which mainly involves acts of violence against non-combatants for social or political gain. According to the author, this form of terrorism is the most dangerous due to the funding, training, intelligence and firepower provided by the state. The author further names the countries identified by the United States as the state sponsors of terrorism and the measures that have taken against them. Such countries include Syria, Cuba and South Korea. The article also discusses the historical roots of the international and state sponsored terrorism in Africa, which became a major issue in the late 1960s. More importantly, the author notes that during the post-Cold War period, terrorist activities became rampant in Africa, and were conducted by either groups seeking political independence and oth er domestic agenda or groups forming part of a bigger global terrorist organization. One of the two African countries highlighted in the article for their state sponsorship

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Business Law - Essay Example Especially from the point of view of securing intellectual property rights, social media mocks at those thinking of this. The speed of information dissemination and exchange is so fast on internet that by the time one finalizes of a website or trademark of web address, another person wins in getting a similar or exact copyright. Also, contractual agreements with employees on the issue of reasonable use of company resources and abiding by the privacy and security rules of company’s information are also at stake. Employees today generally ‘friend’ their competitors on social networking sites like Facebook, Orkut and twitter and reveal many of the important and sensitive company information to other through posts and tweets which is available for others to look at and comment upon. This gives rise to unethical marketing practices and organizational gimmicks which ultimately lead to more litigations and breaches of contracts. From the widespread use of social media, it seems as if people are managing what they actually do not understand properly. In order to expand the friend list at social networking sites, employees and even bosses ‘friend’ their competitors also which can damage the reputation of the company and place potential legal issues on posting and sharing confidential and damaging information over internet. From both legal and ethical standpoints, this seems to be a grave situation as boundary line between communication channels and privacy barriers is getting blurred due to the usage of social media. Businesses need to have more control, monitoring and action steps program in place because social media can become a fierce tool in the hands of ‘disgruntled’ employees to embarrass the company. Similarly, contracts with employees also need to be watched carefully as no one knows which employee is actually working for the benefit of the company and

The Relationship between Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Essay

The Relationship between Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Development - Essay Example Economic theory provides a set of thoughts and methods for examining the distribution of limited resources. Unless entrepreneurship ultimately develops products from limited resources, it can be of minimum economic interest, even though it may possess greater social significance. The idea of selection and therefore decision making is essential to economic theory. Entrepreneurship acts as an individual quality which allows certain persons to make decisions with long run outcomes. When economic development is viewed from historical viewpoint, the role of an entrepreneur arrives into central focus. By acting in different ways, entrepreneurs can achieve success which causes other people to change their thoughts and therefore help to alter the historical economic progression. Entrepreneurial efforts are needed for developing an enhanced distribution of resources and transmitting their significant experience to other nations. If two nations differ in their talents of entrepreneurship, then there will be a propensity for developments to invent new things with the copious ability of entrepreneurs. If there is lack of native entrepreneurs in any nation, then foreign entrepreneurs from economically prosperous nations enter the backward country and develop new innovation through proper distribution of resources. At a macroeconomic level, an entrepreneur plays a vital role in the establishment of organizations. Economic theory suggests that there is close relation between personal qualities of entrepreneur and economic success of organization. One of the most exciting aspects of successful entrepreneurs is that they are often drawn from marginal groups in society which try to find alternative possibilities of social progression near them. Thus, it is evident that society and its traditions have a significant impact on the development of entrepreneurs (Casson, 2003). Schumpeter had defined the â€Å"entrepreneur as innovator† as one who drives economic development. A ccording to Peter F. Drucker, â€Å"Innovation is the specific tool of entrepreneurs, the means by which they exploit change as an opportunity for a different business or a different service.† The innovative activity of entrepreneur nourishes the pioneering procedure of creative destruction by initiating continuous instabilities to the economic system and by generating prospects for economic growth. Schumpeter’s theory expects that an entrepreneur can contribute in economic development (Wong & Et. Al., 2005). He was of the view that an entrepreneur can innovate, motivated by competition to develop technology, business and organizational structure. He characterized innovation as an â€Å"industrial mutation† which continuously transforms the financial structure and destroys the existing ones. The procedure of creative destruction is a vital element of entrepreneurship (McCraw, n.d.). Creative destruction is made on dynamic, cautious and commercial efforts to modi fy market arrangements and can be favourable for further innovations and revenue opportunities. Schumpeter’s business cycle is viewed as the outcome of innovation which involves the development of new thoughts and its application in a new product, procedure or service. It can result in the dynamic development of a national economy,

Thin Blue Line Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Thin Blue Line - Research Paper Example Adams had been in jail for seven years following his conviction for shooting Robert Woods, a police officer in Dallas, to death. Although the sentence had been commuted by the time of the interviews, Adams was still in prison and still maintained that he was not guilty of the murder. After Morris started researching Adam’s case, he was soon convinced that he was innocent and that it was clear who was responsible for the murder (Lankford 1). He, thus, turned his documentary efforts to building Adam’s innocence case. The Thin Blue Line was the result of these investigations, and it soon became a standard for investigative documentaries. It became a triumph of execution, more interesting than exploration of crime and consequence, and it has been influential on fiction and documentary films since. The Thin Blue Line by Errol Morris does not seek to tell the story of an investigation into a murder but is a murder investigation, which set investigative documentary standards. Morris captures the attention of the audience by making the documentary as a considered defense through interviews with both Randall Adams and the key witness in his case, David Harris (Bellizzi 1). He manipulates the Harris interviews to show that he is the only person who could have killed the Dallas police officer. Morris, throughout his entire documentary, reveals clues by letting the witnesses, judges, police, and criminals talk on and on. By doing this, Morris places the audience in the world of Harris, Adams, and the justice system of a little town in Texas. It seems as if Morris edited various scenes, as well as interviews, to show the story, as he wanted; which was that Harris was the guilty one and that Adams was not. He allows the story’s arc to move forward by using the interviews, whereas also, at the same time, examining some residents of the Texan town. This documentary differed from other documentaries at the time because it showed various viewpoints. Yet, eve n with these multiple viewpoints, Morris uses particular footage, and evidence, leading the audience on to a specific conclusion (Bellizzi 1). The Thin Blue Line has a basic construction that was deceptively conventional, specifically looking back to how profound its influence has been on subsequent documentaries (Bellizzi 1). Morris weaves three basic strands together, which widely increased the standards of documentary making. Firstly, those participating in the documentary to the cameras give the narrative’s core. These people in the documentary include the judge from the first trial, Adam’s lawyer, various eyewitnesses in the shooting, police members who investigated the case, the key prosecution witness David Harris, and Randall Adams. Secondly, the documentary pioneered the use of real and documentary evidence, including line-up photos and mug shots, court reporter illustrations, reports from newspapers, and diagrams and photos from the crime scene (Bellizzi 1). The documentary also had an influence on staged re-enactments in subsequent investigative documentaries. The filmmaker utilizes re-enactments in order to highlight the vital parts of his interviews, as well as important facts, to show the audience what he considered as being important to the inference chain (Rivera 1). In a particular scene, he reenacts Turko getting out of a police car, whereas throwing away his milkshake. The reason he reenacted the scene was that it showed the discrepancies that existed

THE CAUSAL LINK BETWEEN GERD AND CHRONIC COUGH Essay

THE CAUSAL LINK BETWEEN GERD AND CHRONIC COUGH - Essay Example Fortunately, the many studies and publications on the relationship between GERD and chronic cough have helped pediatrics to treat and mange GERD-related chronic cough better. However, there are still debates on the causal links between GERD and chronic cough, prompting the writing of this state of the science paper, which seeks to explore the already researched and published findings on the subject. Objectives: To assess the GERD treatment on chronic cough in adults and children with prolonged cough and GERD that is not interrelated to an underlying respiratory illness (for example, nonspecific chronic cough). Literatures and study findings reviews will highlight the causal link between these conditions so that the management and treatment of infants, children, and adolescents with GERD and GERD-related chronic cough could be made more accessible and effective. In this state of the science paper, different types of literatures will be reviewed, among them books, magazines, electronic and print articles from public and institutional libraries. The paper will focus on the various issues on the topic on which medical experts agree and disagree, mentioning any gaps therein. Specifically, the causal link between GERD and chronic cough in pediatric patients will be explored. ... State of Science Paper Topical Outline I. Introduction Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and chronic cough are examples of the many diseases that pediatricians encounter in their professional interaction with infants and children. GERD is a condition characterized by food (solid or liquid) already in the stomach being thrown back into the esophagus, causing irritation and the commonest and most obvious symptom of GERD, heartburn (Benich & Carek, 2011). Statistics show complications that result from GERD include asthma, Barrett's esophagus, and chronic cough or hoarseness. Research supports that chronic cough, though an indication of underlying disease is a major cause of health facility visits among infants and children. Among the causes of cough are sinus infections, allergic rhinitis, asthma, and esophageal reflux of stomach contents. Even with a recommendation and research support, the ever-changing definition of GERD, insufficient equipment, and lack of randomized controlled trials also make it rather difficult to establish the causal links between chronic cough and GERD (Fishwick & Barber, 2008). Consequent to these difficulties in ascertaining the causal and effect links between cough and GERD, opinions greatly vary between respiratory and gastroenterology stakeholders on the link between these conditions. Background Information: This will be used to establish the context and depth of the problem and will provide a foundation to explore a number of chronic cough prevention and management guidelines that have been designed with some having more positive effects on patients. Information will include the following: 1. Statistics of chronic cough in patients with gastroesophageal reflux 2. Supportive research and

Non profit mangement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Non profit mangement - Essay Example However, a close look and in-depth analysis of successful NPOs can help illumine understanding on the mystery behind the success of NPOs. One of the most popular and well established NPO is Oxfam. Oxfam is an international organisation that w as funded in 1942 by a group consisting of Quakers, Oxford academics and social activists in Oxford. This founding group later came to be known as Oxfam Great Britain, being based in Oxford, Oxfordshire, up to the moment. The success of Oxfam as an NPO is underscored by it comprising 17 organisations that work in more than 93 countries. The main agenda of Oxfam is poverty eradication, advocacy, disaster relief and management and policy research. Again, as if Oxfam’s robust size is not enough, Oxfam has about 5,960 employees and several fully fledged affiliates such as Oxford Great Britain (GB), Oxfam Canada, Oxfam Ireland, Oxfam America, Oxfam Quebec, Oxfam Novib (based in Netherlands), Oxfam Australia, Oxfam France, Oxfam Belgium, Oxfam Hong Kong, Oxfam Germany and Oxfam India. The fact that Oxfam has been in operation since 1942, is widely distributed in the world, has several strong affiliates and a large number of employees bespeak strong organisational and management acumen, particularly when the fact that the organisation does not exist for profit. Thus, the main point of this discourse is to review, analyse and evaluate the strategic positioning and operational tactics of an identified non-profit organisation (Oxfam) so as to instill understanding on how NPOs are managed and their operational systems executed. This is done in light of Oxfam’s general strategic positioning and direction as a whole and not a particular activity or function. A very salient part of NPOs operations is financial organisation and strategy. One of the important facets of financial management for NPOs is the identification of sources of finance. This aspect of financial management is important so that the

Some aspect of distribution theory Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Some aspect of distribution theory - Article Example One of the books that I bought is titled, â€Å"The Accident†. This book is available in the Amazon UK and can also be accessed in other networks such as eBay and other online marketing Companies. The use of online modes of distributing goods and services has not only been used in books, but also in other products for instance: Currently one can order for a movie online; one of the main sources on distributing such products are online marketing channels such as Amazon uk, the eBay and others that are used in various parts of the world such as the OLX, which was recently introduced. My encounter with purchasing a book from the Amazon, was greatly successful, the process of purchase is quite simple as it involves filing in personal details such as the address i.e. place of delivery and the payment details. The delivery is made by the company to the client, making the process efficient in relation to time

Match of the Day Essay Example for Free

Match of the Day Essay Match of the day is a sports programme which shows the highlights from the current days premiership football. However before the programme is shown live, it is necessary for research to have been taken place beforehand. The research team on a programme like match of the day will be quite large. We know his as it may seem like not a lot of information is needed to be researched but in fact there is. On the rolling credits at the end of my captured match of the day episode it doesnt state the researchers. The reasons why this could be is that there are too many to name and it will be easier for them to put them in production team listing. You then also have runners on the show. The runners name is basically self explanatory about what they will do. They run around getting any last minute items. This could range from a cable extension to some tape or even an extra seat. The researchers need to be people who are determined. They need to be determined as they need to get the good interesting information about their teams. They also need to be well organised, they need to have a schedule about how and when they are going to gain information and this is good time organisation as well. The amount of researchers in MOTD is not clear by the credits however I would like to have a rough guess at about 8 researchers in my episode. To justify this prediction I think that for every highlighted game for the episode there will be one researcher. This means that seen as though there is 8 games of highlighted football on MOTD for that days programme, there will have been 8 researchers. Each researcher will have slightly different researching techniques but they all need to seek out the information one way or another. The sort of information which the researchers will have to look for are individual records, (i.e. if a player is only 3 goals away from reaching 100 goals or to be the clubs highest goal scorer) club records, (i.e. if they win this game it will break the clubs record for most consecutive victories) latest news of the club (i.e. takeover news) and they would have to look up any interesting facts about the teams playing one another (i.e. if a team hasnt beaten the opposition in so many years). The research which is obtained is used by both the presenters (Gary Lineker, Alan Shearer and Mark Lawrenson) which either introducing the game or when analysing the game once the highlights have been watched. However it is not just the presenters who need the information, it is also needed by the directors, the producers and graphics team. The directors and producers need the research in order to see what interesting stories they can insert into the programme. The graphics team need the research in order to get the research ready in case it is to go on the programme, listing the research for the viewers. Recce A recce would have to be done before the live broadcast of match of the day. A recce is where they will look at the studio and work out how much daylight is going to come in, where the plugs are and where all the equipment is going to go. They will sketch the layout of the studio and sketch in where all the equipment will go in the room. They will have multiple cameras in the studio along with the chairs and table of the presenters. Schedules Schedules are an important part of research as I stated before. A schedule is needed for every part of the programme/production. A researcher needs a schedule in order to get all the information they need in only a short period of time. If the researchers do not have a schedule and negligently dont get some research which is needed then the show maybe wont run as smoothly and may even lose some of its audience figures. Also if the researcher doesnt have a schedule and does get something wrong then it can push all the other parts of the production backwards. This can be a problem for the whole show seen as though it is on at more or less the sae time every week. Research Time Research time for match of the day is very strict. During the football season match of the day is on every Saturday at around the same time. This means that it only gives the researchers a week in order to get all the information they need. Researchers will be given a brief of everything which the show needs. This however will only be brief and the researcher will have to use their own common knowledge to know that more information is needed. They may have to look in newspapers for stories about the clubs and do extra work in order to help the show. Seen as though there is not enough time for new researchers to learn the trade by themselves and be taught by another researcher they will tag along with an experienced researcher taking in everything which they need to find and where to find it from. The reason why they will not get very good training is because there simply is not enough time. They could get another researcher in to teach them but this will run up more budget costs. For every week they will look through the database and get all the information they can. After some experience in the job it will become quite routine. They will know exactly where to look in the database and some researchers will also already know some of the stats which they need before they even go and search for them. Also some stats could also go on from one weekend onto another if a certain player is only one goal away from breaking a record.

Profitability of going green

Profitability of going green Green Environment Analysis Financial planning and financial analysis are some of the major aspects on which the entire capability of an organization depends upon. When it comes to organizations, then the name of net productivity and efficacy are some of the major things that stride under its capability and effectiveness. Increasing the shareholder’s net with the help of effective and timely decisions is an important aspect from the viewpoint of an organization and organizations always required to have effective economic decision on the basis of different information. Finance is a broad field which has the tendency and capability to analyze the effectiveness of the financials of an organization and the tools which used to assess the same. Financial analysis is one of those tools which is used for the same purpose in a market. The main theme of this section is the continuation of the same project which is of Waste Management and Going Green. As the company is new one, hence most of the answers are on the assumption basis. We will analyze the firm from different angles, like, profitability, market share, asset management and liquidity and all of these sections are important to cover in this particular analysis. We have considered the company of Waste Management in which we are trying to save the earth by Going Green. The name of our company is Green Environment and it is a hypothetical company. The idea of the project is new as well as effective and there are certain aspects and risks which will affect the business from different viewpoints. There are two different types of risk which is associated with our project which are systematic risk and unsystematic risk. Systematic risk is the one that could not be diversified while unsystematic risk could be diversifying accordingly. The systematic risk which we will be facing in our project is the high regulations of the government and other international governmental organizations that will use different amount of regulations on our projects and we have to comply with them accordingly and effectively at the same time. There is a need to get sufficient support from the government and central bank related to this particular stance, like government initiation to increase the financial aspect of the company would be effective for the company in future. On the other hand, there are unsystematic risks as well that associated specifically with the company which are investment concerns and high competition. The company can diversify their portfolios of products as well as investment securities by diversifying their portfolio and investing in different securities to get the desired result, while competition could be resolved by decreasing the price recognition of the company accordingly and become economically active an d prosper. Part-2 Financial Ratio Analysis There are two different parts of this particular analysis which is required in this section of the report, which is economic analysis in which different risk factors both systematic and unsystematic would have been analyzed accordingly along with the analysis of the financial capability of the company. There are number of ratios which could be used for the same purpose. Financial forecast has been done on the basis of the years from 2014 to 2018 and all of the currencies are in Arab Emirati Dirham (AED). Profitability Analysis Every organization strives hard for profitability and maximizing the net worth of an organization. It is always required to have sufficient actions and activities from which the profitability of an organization could be enhanced accordingly and effectively at the same time. With the help of profitability analysis, organizations can get apprehension over their effectiveness in particular. There are two different ratios that used to come under the same ambit with the names of Net Profit Margin (NPM) and Gross Profit Margin (GPM) and both of these ratios are essential for the sake of an organization as far as increasing their financial capability is concerned from different slants. Net Profit Margin (NPM) Net profit margin is an important measurement of financials used by the analyst of an organization. It is one of the most important and widely used tools used by the organizations to analyze that how much net profit earned by a company on the basis of its net sales. Net worth and capability of an organization would have been analyzed considerably with the help of this particular ratio. The NPM of the selected company for five forecasted years is mentioned below From this above mentioned analysis, it is found that the NPM of the selected company will lie in a remarkable range which can be analyzed from the above mentioned table and graph. The NPM of the selected company was 62.5% in the financial year (FY) 2014 which increased and then decreased with similar percentages of 4.17 for years 2015 and 2016 respectively. The NPM of Green Environment will increased for two consecutive years by 4.17% and 8.33% in the years 2017 and 2018 respectively showing the capability of the company to increase its financial belongings. The average NPM of the selected company is 66.67%, showing that the company has the ability to generate AED 66.67 from the net sales of AED 100. Gross Profit Margin (GPM) Likewise NPM, Gross Profit Margin (GPM) is yet another important ratio that comes under the ambit of profitability analysis. This particular ratio diverse that how much gross profit earned by the company on the basis of its net sales. With the help of this particular ratio, an analyst can analyze the effectiveness of managing the cost of the company accordingly. The lower the cost, the higher will be the gross profit of the company. The GPM of the selected company for the next five years is mentioned below It is clear from the above mentioned table and chart that the GPM of the selected company is quite high and effective which is an evidence that the company has the capability to increase its financial belongings accordingly and effectively at the same time. The GPM of Green Environment will be 75% of its sales in the year 2014, which increased to a level of 83.3% in the year 2015, showing an increase of 8.33% as compared to the same period of last year. An increment of 4.17% and 2.08% has been envisaged in the financial years (FY) 2017 and 2018 respectively. The average GPM of the company is 80.25% for five forecasted years, which is quite high and effective as well for the company showing that the company has the power to mitigate its direct cost and increase its financial belongings accordingly. Asset Management of Efficiency Ratio Asset Management Ratios also known as Efficiency Ratios are some of the effective ratios that used to analyze the capability and ability of an organization as far as managing its operational assets accordingly. The higher the asset management ratio’s amount, the higher will be the chance for the company to have high inclination towards the analysis. There are two different ratios which could be used for the same purpose, with the name of Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE). Return on Assets (ROA) Analysis Return on Assets (ROA) is a measurement or financial tool used to assess the capability of an organization as far as managing its operational assets are concerned. It is one of the most important ratios that used to assess the profitability of an organization in terms of utilizing its assets accordingly. The computed ROA of the company is mentioned below The above analysis is showing clearly that tendency and ability of the company as far as utilizing its operational assets effectively. From the analysis, it is clear that the ROA of the selected company in the year 2014 will be 31.25% and it increased by 16.37% in the year 2015. The ROA of the company has the capability to increase accordingly each year with regular and effective percentages, like it increased by 8.14% and 13.95% respectively for years (FYs) 2017 and 2018 respectively. The average ROA of the selected company is 44.21%, which is quite high and effective and the company should grow accordingly on the basis of these high amount of ROA in particular. Return on Equity Analysis An analytical tool which is used to analyze how much effective and organization in terms of utilizing its net equity is known as Return on Equity (ROE). It is one of the most important tools that come under the ambit of financial analysis used by the analyst to increase their investment return. The computed ROE of Green Environment is mentioned below Table and graph mentioned above is showing the tendency of the company in terms of utilizing its equity accordingly. The ROE of the selected company was 25% in the year 2014 which increased by 8.33% in the year 2015 and then decreased by 208 basis points in the year 2016. The ROE of Green Environment increased for two consecutive years by 7.97% and 3.64% for years (FYs) 2017 and 2018 respectively which is quite high. The average ROE of the company is 34.33%, showing that the company is able to generate 34.33 AED from its net Equity amounting to 100 AED. Liquidity Ratio Analysis Liquidity Ratio Analysis (LRA) is one of the most important ratios that come under the ambit of Liquidity Analysis and the ratio which is used for the same purpose is Current Ratio (CR). Current Ratio Analysis Current Ratio is an important ratio that comes under the ambit of Liquidity Analysis. It is a ratio that used to assess the capability of an organization as far as meeting with the financial obligation is concerned. A CR of higher than 1, is an indemnity that the company has enough capability to meet with its financial obligations and promises in particular. High amount of CR is always be effective from the viewpoint of an organization. The analysis is clearly showing that the Current Ratio (CR) of the selected organization lies in a good and sophisticated range which could be found from the above mentioned analysis. The CR of the company will be 1:33 in the year 2014 which decreased by 8, 5 and 12 basis points in the years 2015, 2016 and 2017 respectively, but still manages to keep it on the level of 1. The average CR of Green Environment is 1:20, showing that the company has the ability and stance to meet with its current financial obligations in particular and able to meet with its short term financial promises as well. It is an important ratio that used for different purposes in an organization and usually banks would used this particular ratio to analyze the paying back stance of a company. Solvency Ratio The ratio which used to analyze that how much active an organization as far as meeting with its long term financial obligations in particular. This particular aspect is known as Solvency Ratio. The ratio that comes under the ambit for the same analysis is Debt to Equity (D/E) ratio and it is an important ratio used for the purpose of analysis. Debt to Equity Ratio Analysis A ratio that is used to assess the proportion of debt in equity of a company is known as debt to equity ratio. It is one of the most important ratios used for the long term liability is concerned and it is particularly known as Solvency Ratio in particular. The provision of the same ratio is quite high and it is equally beneficial for Green Environment as well. From this particular analysis, it is found that the total debt to equity of the company is perfect that les in an effective environment. The debt to equity of the company lies in the range from 0.80 to 1.02, which is quite effective in particular. This particular aspect is effective from the viewpoint of the company. The proportion of debt in the equity of the company on average is quite low which 25% is only while rest of the equity has been financed with equity which is quite high and effective. This particular aspect is showing that the level of solvency of the selected company is quite high and effective and it is one of the most important sign for the company as far as their future economic consequences is concerned and Green Environment should prolong the same. Market Value Ratio Investment is an important aspect from the viewpoint of an organization and no organization could be in the sake of economic prosperity and expansion without having high amount of investment associated with it. There are number of ratios that could be used for the same analysis and among them, the name of Earnings per Share (EPS) is one of them which have its own importance and recognition lies in a broad nutshell. Earnings per Share (EPS) According to International Accounting Standards (IAS-13), every organization is required to show the share analysis on the basis of its income statement. High EPS is always be effective from the viewpoint of an organization. The earnings per share of the selected company are effective and high and it is showing that the company has the ability to increase their economic belongings with the help of effective and timely strategies in particular. The average EPS of Green Environment is 1.18 AED which is showing that the company is economically prosper and active and it would remain in the same jurisdiction for a long span of time. The market value and market tendency of the company is strong and high which leads to increase the financial and strategic prosperity of the company for a long span of time. Conclusion â€Å"Green Environment† is a non-profit organization which wants to improve the standards of waste management in Emirates. This is a newly born company and therefore it needs the support of government and other organizations. The company is a hypothetical one, which is trying to make such

Race: Is It a Valid Issue? Essay -- Sociology Racism Prejudice Essays

Race: Is It a Valid Issue? Biological advancements such as Darwinism and Mendelian genetics had a profound impact on the study of race in the scientific community. These new concepts eventually led some scientists to question the validity of traditional notions about race. The resulting debates continue even today. The idea of race, especially in citizens of this country, evokes strong feelings because of the enormous social implications associated with racial identity. The social connotations of racial categories have had a profound influence on the way scientists understand human variation. Early ideas of race were colored by these connotations, and they still play a critical role in the way we understand race today. This paper will explore, with an emphasis on historical context, the current debates over whether to continue to inlude race in scientific, and especially medical, studies. Recently, some scientists have advocated the elimination of race from scientific studies altogether. They argue that it is not a useful category for the study of human subjects. Others argue just as strongly that it is. It will be helpful to first examine the historical development of the concept of race before examining the usefulness of race in scientific investigations. Race is a relatively new concept. Ancient civilizations, though they encountered and included people from many different parts of the world, did not make social distinctions based on physical appearance. They distinguished people according to customs and religion; not race. Acclaimed classicist Frank M. Snowden writes: The Egyptians, whose contacts with Nubia dated back to the Old Kingdom, did not usually designate Kushites by color terms. Though the monarchs of... ...ction. New York: G. P. Putnam's 1940. Sauer, Norman J. "Applied Anthropology and the Concept of Race: A Legacy of Linnaeus" Race, Ethnicity, and Applied Bioanthropology. Ed. Claire C. Gordon. Arlington, VA: National Association for the Practice of Anthropology 1993. Shanklin, Eugenia. Anthropology and Race. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1994. Smedley, Audrey. Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview. San Francisco: Westview Press, Inc. 1993. Snowden, Frank M., Jr. Before Color Prejudice: The Ancient View of Blacks. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP 1983. Stepan, Nancy. The Idea of Race in Science: Great Britain 1800-1960. Hamden, CT: Archon Books 1982. Williams, David R., Risa Lavizzo-Mourey, and Rueben C. Warren. "The Concept of Race and Health Status in America." Public Health Reports. 109, no. 1 (January/February 1994): 26-41.

Comparing Stories: The Astronomers Wife & The Chrysanthemums :: essays research papers

Recently, I saw a movie about female tennis champion – Billie Jean King, and although I have never been into the feminism (neither can I say that I quite understand it), her character woke up some other kind of sensitivity in me. After this – to me significant change – I could not help myself not to notice different approaches of John Steinbeck and Kay Boyle to the similar thematic. They both deal with marital relationships and it was quite interesting to view lives of ordinary married couples through both â€Å"male† and â€Å"female eyes†. While Steinbeck opens his story describing the Salinas Valley in December metaphorically referring to the Elisa’s character, Boyle jumps directly to Mrs. Ames’s inner world. Although both writers give us pretty clear picture of their characters, Boyle does it with more emotions aiming our feelings immediately, unlike Steinbeck who leaves us more space to think about Elisa Allen. Mrs. Ames from â€Å"The Astronomer’s Wife† and Elisa Allen from â€Å"The Chrysanthemums†, two women in their best ages, did share similar lives. They were loyal wives, of decent beauty and good manners. They were married for some time, without any children and they were fighting the dullness of their marriages. At first, it looked like they were just caught in marriage monotony, but after the surface has been scratched deeper, it was clear that these two women were crying for attention: but they had different reasons. While Boyle describes Mrs. Ames as elegant, gentle, and quiet, Steinbeck gives to Elisa more strength. Her face was â€Å"lean and strong†, and her figure looked â€Å"blocked and heavy in her gardening costume†. Both women find their own ways to cover lack of happiness in their everyday lives. The astronomer’s wife is managing the house finding the silliest things to keep her busy: â€Å"†¦from the removal of the spot left there from dinner on the astronomer’s vest to the severe trashing of the mayonnaise for lunch†. Elisa spends her days in garden raising chrysanthemums â€Å"bigger than anybody around here.† The fact that these two women did not have any children can mislead us to the conclusion that they were both trying to satisfy the instincts they were probably having at the age of thirty-five. While this is the case with Elisa, the astronomer’s wife had different problem: the lack of communication with her husband and inca pability to understand the world he was in.

Space Exploration :: Space Exploration Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People have been venturing out into the universe for many years now. In addition to satellites, both women and men astronauts have traveled into space to collect data about the universe. The first human being, the first animal, and the first spacecraft in orbit, were all achievements of the Soviet Union.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1958 a group known as The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was founded. The first probe to escape Earth's gravity was the Soviet LUNA 1, launched on Jan. 2, 1959. It passed the Moon and continued into interplanetary space. The U.S. probe Pioneer 4, launched two months later, followed the same path. Later Soviet probes either hit the Moon or passed it and took photographs of the hidden far side, relaying them back to Earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first man to travel to space was Yuri Gagarin. History was made on April 12, 1961, when he successfully orbited the earth in the Votsok 1. His flight lasted one hour and 48 minutes and as he circled the earth, his speed was about 17,000 mph on the Votsok 1. Following this mission, Gagarin was killed in a test airplane crash .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Neil Armstrong was the first person to ever land on the moon. Born in Wapakoneta, Ohio, he graduated from college in 1955 and joined the NASA team. In 1962, he became the first civilian to enter into an astronaut training program. In 1969, Armstrong headed the Apollo 11 mission, becoing the first human being to set foot on the moon. Other astronauts the accompanied Armstrong on this mission were Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and Michael Collins. In 1971, Armstrong became a professor of aerospace engineering at the University of Cincinnati.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Valentina Vladimora Nikolayeva Tereshkova was the first woman to enter into space. She joined a Soviet training program in the year 1961 and two years later she successfully orbited the earth 48 times in the Votsok 6.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Sputnik 1 was the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth. It was an aluminum sphere, 58 cm (23 in) in diameter, weighing 83 kg (184 lb). Its orbited around the earth lasted 96.2 minutes. At the end of 57 days the satellite returned to earth's atmosphere and was destroyed by aerodynamic frictional heat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 were both spacecrafts that were launched to Jupiter. Voyager 2 was launched on August 20, 1977, and Voyager 1 was launched 2 weeks later on September 5, 1977.

Shalimar the Clown Salman Rushdie

The Clown Salaam Rushed The story begins with chapter Linda†. India is a young girl, ambassador's daughter. His father is Max Pulls, American former ambassador to India, and now the counter-terrorism chief. In this chapter writer describes her wish to know more about her dead mother and reason why her father don't want to talk about her mother's death. The plot of this chapter is settled in Los Angles in ass. There she met her father's chauffeur who was known as Shalom The Clown. His real name was Oman, but later the writer describes the reason of him being called like that.Shalom always looked suspicious to India, and her suspicions about him made sense when she realized that Shalom was responsible for her father's death. Reading that scene made me realism Shalom was cold assails. It was horrible when he slashed Man's throat with a kitchen knife outside Indian's apartment. Second chapter Is called Bonny. That' s again name, and one of the main characters. It bring us back in year 1960, where we learn the real through about Man's murder. Bonny was a young girl who lived in Kashmir together with Oman, know as Shalom the clown.When they et, they fell in love, and only when they had 14 years they got married. Nobody believed in their marriage. Claimer's father Abdullah refused their marriage because he thought there Is no relationship between Hindu and Muslim. Kashmir was once a paradise on earth where all people, Muslim an Hindu lived together. It was the place full of happiness and peace. Shortly after their marriage Bonny moved to anaphora place because she wanted to become famous dancer and there she met her second choice, Max Pulls, who fell in with her and got her apartment in Delhi.Shortly after she got pregnant and she got India, but she gave her the name Kashmir. When Shalom noticed her betrayal, she went from sweetest, gentlest, and most open of any human being in Pacing† too cold assails. Bonny was killed, and Max and his daughter went back to America together with Man's new British wife, who gave Kashmir name India. Shalom, who once worked as a Phasing's clown, got a job in a organization called lord Mullahs†, which was Muslim organization made to fight with Hindus. He Joined various Jihad organization and became terrorist.

Problem of the Drug Abuse Essay

The problem of teenagers drug abuse is not something that has sprung up in recent times. It has been one of the unsolved issues since many decades now. And with modernization, the problem seems as if it is never going to leave. There could be a myriad of causes of this problem, and there are also several types of complications associated with it. As you read further, you would realize the potency of the causes of drug abuse among teenagers. Causes of Drug Abuse Among Teenagers Prescription Drug Abuse Among Teenagers This has been found to be one of the most common causes of drug addiction, especially in the teens. The term ‘prescription drug abuse’, is plainly defined as a condition wherein, the prescribed medicine is not used in a way the doctor recommends the patient to. Meaning, the person takes higher doses of the drugs and even if his/her illness is cured. The drugs which are common in this cases include all types of pain killers, drugs for anxiety or sleep disorders, and drugs for triggering stimulant activities. It has been found that most teenagers use these prescription drugs with a thought that these are safer than using illicit drugs. Absence of Communication One of the potent causes of alcohol and drug abuse among teenagers is a space that creeps in communication, probably from the parents’ side. Most teens may have this notion that their parents might not care about them abusing the drugs. So this stresses on the importance of communication between parents and children. It is most likely that, knowing about the specific dangers and health concerns of drug abuse, would help teenagers to avoid the habit. So, work with your kids and look for some real information in the form of statistics and medical explanation about the side effects of drug abuse. Supervision Continuing this data on drug abuse among teenagers, it comes to parental supervision which can either save teenagers from getting into the grips of drug abuse or saving them from it. Parents must give importance to the fact that their children are still in their teens. This happens to be an age, where they stay the most vulnerable to get involved in all the undesirable things in their lives. Get involved in your kids’ life and let them know that you are interested in what they do and when they do. If you are one of those parents who just let their kids do whatever they please, then you may be providing your children with a fine opportunity to get exposed to drugs. It is most likely that your kids might not appreciate the fact that you are trying to interfere too much in their lives. However, it is also true that, if you do so, your kids would be the ones to thank you later in their lives, when they achieve a matured level of understanding about all the repercussion s of drug abuse. So don’t be too stringent about nor too aloof from your kids’ life. Easily Available The fact remains that teenagers get to learn most of the things from their parents. As a parent, if you are throwing a party where alcohol is served, then your kids would take it as a clear cue or message, that you have no objection to drinking alcohol. This is where, you stand to be the main offender for encouraging your kids to get vulnerable for drug abuse. Also, most parents unknowingly let their kids have access to alcohol, cigarettes, and even prescription medications, when they are not at home. Even in this way, teenagers may used this carelessness of their parents as an opportunity to at least try using all such stuffs. Stress Causing Factors Broken relationships, issues in the family, stress caused due to peer pressure, studies load, etc., are some of the common factors which trigger stress in teenagers’ life. These may also be the causes which drive them to resort to the use of drugs. So, these were some of the potent causes of drug abuse among teenagers. As far as the treatment is considered, if measures are taken at an early stage, then the condition may be well curbed before it gets worse any further. Otherwise, drug abuse rehabilitation is known to be an effective tool for the treatment. And talking about the drug abuse prevention, the most important job lies in the interest of parents. If they can reduce the opportunities their kids get themselves into, then there is no other better way to keep the condition at bay.

Photosynthesis and respiration rules outline

Each small group has to designate a leader. Each small group has to choose 1 topic project and develop a † poem † , which is the lyrics, and a song. The song must be presented as a video song. This video song should be educational and teaching, so it is preferable to include singing and lyrics with images or animations explaining and describing each topic project. This video song should last not more than 6 minutes and not less than 3 minutes. Any other characteristic of the video is up to the risk of each small group and the ours.The physical poem and the video song should be hands-in during the week 12-16 of January, in the first 2 days of that week for grading. These grades will be average with other 2 grades (further explained) and count for the sixth partial in individual glasswork (Item 2) and group work (item 3). The course (entire class) has to present 2 works that count as grade. One work is a Prize presentation in which all the 6 topic projects are synthesized a s a mental map diagram, without losing the objective of being educational and teaching. The information source is the Duskier Book.This Prize must be hands-in on the first 2 days of the week 12-16 of January for grading. This grade will be average with the poem and video song grades, as mentioned before. The other course work is/are the model (macaque) or mini-models and/or lab experiment or mini-lab experiments that should explain, describe, and illustrate all the 6 topic projects. These model(s) and/or lab experiment(s) must be presented in the first 2 days of the week 12-16 of January for grading. This grade will be average with the poem and video song grades, as mentioned before.GRADING A) There are 4 works (2 small group work and 2 course work) and 4 grades that will be input directly into item 2 (individual glasswork) and item 3 (group work) for the sixth partial (January). The grade is individually computed, even though all works will be done in groups. B) If a small group wo rk is done outstandingly, although the course did not win the first place in the project, I (the Biology teacher) will decide to add the grade of the small group, but individually, to item 5 (summarize), too.C) On the week 12-16 of January, there will be (date and place not yet designated although it will eventually be) he presentation and contest of all five Baccalaureate Biology Projects and the course with highest punctuation will win the project contest. The winner, all the students, will be granted 10 in item 1, item 2, item 4, and item 5, except item 3 (Evaluations) that will be a quiz taken during weeks 5-16 about photosynthesis and respiration. This is the highest motivation a course should be focused on. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION All works should be educational, teaching, and motivational.All students should be involved in any task (one or more than one). If determine that any dent has not done nor participated directly in any task, even if the course win the first place proje ct, I will overrule that decision and all the students of the wining course will be granted just the grade each student got initially (check grading point A). If one course is eliminated, as it is mentioned above, the second course or the next course (in case of more than one elimination) with the highest punctuation will be declared winner of the contest and granted a grade of 10, as it is mentioned in grading point C.The punctuation to declare the winner of the Biology Project Contest will come from the scrutiny of screening questions using indicators (values) to students, teachers, other staff members, authorities, and visitors that will like to fill-in this survey. The Biology teacher and respective students of I Baccalaureate will not be allowed to fill-in this survey. During the presentation and exhibition Of the five Biology projects of Baccalaureate, the designated students of each course should be available and ready to respond to any question regarding to the following sub jects and parameters: Language and Literature.Explain and describe briefly the characteristics of the poem: its genre and/or submerge, TTS rhyme, its metric, its rhythm, its figurative language (if possible). Music and Arts. Explain and describe briefly the characteristics of the music and video song: musical genre; social and/or historical context of the song or the genre; tune; harmony; rhythm; lyrics-notes and syllables; timbre; choir and choruses. Computing (InformAttica). Explain and describe briefly the characteristics of Prize presentation: characteristics; functions; advantages and disadvantages. TOOK. Biological processes and chemical pathways are usually very complex.When scientists attempt to explain these complex reactions, they usually reek them down into smaller, intermediate steps. These intermediate steps are then carefully researched and imitated (for example models and experiments). The hope is that eventually an understanding of the complex process is obtained. Is this manner of understanding complex concepts always successful? What are some of the limitations of this approach? TOOK: Are aerobic reactions a better adaptations to most cells and living organism than anaerobic reactions? Challenge this hypothesis using the Hempen' s Raven Paradox and/or Popper s falsifications.

Dickens’ books Essay

As his name implies, Pip’s progress through Great Expectations is also one of growth, especially in regards to morality. Yet he too does not evolve without attaining scars. His burns, for instance, after ‘saving Miss Havisham from the fire that engulfs her dress can at once seen as a consequence of a noble action, but also a result of a desire to punish a world that has mistreated him. He professes to Miss Havisham from a newly acquired self-knowing level that he could never be bitter with her, and we could easily believe that he has learnt how to perceive others with an understanding eye. However, one must not forget that the ignorance his life has been clouded in may also have embittered him, and rightly so. As a result the fire could at once be seen as Pip’s repressed want or desire for revenge – for vengeance. As he struggles with her on the floor we perceive that these are not the actions of a man who has a refined heart, but a man who has repressed disappointment and pain. He holds her down ‘like a prisoner, who might escape’ and even looses consciousness of who she is or what he is doing. Throughout the novel Pip has to work through this suppressed unconscious, and is never magically delivered to a higher state of morality or refined sentiment. As a child he laments that he had had ‘no intercourse with the world’ and was ‘quite [the] untaught genius’ that had to make ‘the discovery of the line of action for himself’. High morality and refined sentiment are not flat character traits held only by perfect people. They are difficult to attain, and more importantly to abide by, and what makes Pip an exceptional character is that he is not infallible. As a result one must pay attention to the narrator, described as Dickens’ most ‘complex and subtle’16, who is still very much haunted by his past that has helped mould and destroy him. He almost attempts to see himself in a better light that he probably was when he was younger. In fact the ‘profoundest irony of the novel is not reached until the reader realises he must see Pip in a much harsher moral perspective than Pip ever saw himself’.17 As one must remember the episode when Magwitch took the blame for stealing the food – Pip avoids telling the truth. The narrator hopes that this avoidance ‘had some dregs of good at the bottom of it’, thus the child’s motivations are clouded by the older, wiser, almost shamed narrator’s desires to fill the younger Pip’s moral lapses. The latter is certainly not innocent, and is always battling with that ‘inner self [that] was not easily composed’, and such a battle that signifies that he was not born with goodness, is difficult for the narrator to acknowledge. The reader feels pity for Pip but in the same breath Pip abandons the reader as quickly as he abandons Joe. When removing your own sentimental romantising of the youngster, the reading of his character shifts. The narrator is guilty of, if only to a minor degree, manipulating his harsh social relations, ignorance and want to make him look the greater victim. In fact the idea that the older Mr Pip has anymore quietened that inner self, are continually thrown into dispute. He still complains, even when Herbert and Clara had actually opened their arms to him, and allowed him to live with them, that it ‘must not [be left] to be supposed that we were ever a great house, or that we made mints of money. We were not in a grand way of business, but we had a good name, and worked for our profits, and did very well’. He still cannot recognise and respond to the good grace of others. He suggests that what his life has become is a mere second best to what it could have been. That he still secretly hankers for those ‘mints of money’ is regrettably clear. What he appears to be saying is that he merely exists, not living. In many ways Pip is the antithesis of a hero – an anti-hero. He never really reaches high morality or refined sentiment, despite his progress towards them. As a result Great Expectations tears the reader away from the optimism, and that ‘miserable fallacy’ of Dickens’ earlier novels, particularly as the hero can still agonizingly be ignorant of the true value of things. This pull away from optimism however produces realism in Pip. He embodies all the taboo complications of a true person, and as Chesterton argues this includes the, albeit natural human desire to do what is wrong.18 He causes Trabb’s boy to loose his job, and Orlick, and hurts, however unintentionally Biddy and Joe. He is constantly repressing emotions, which ultimately re-emerge as haunting images, such Miss Havisham hanging in the barn, leaving him ‘shuddering from head to foot’. However, in many ways Dickens avoids confronting Pip’s darker side by projecting it onto an outside character- Orlick. The repressed anger within Pip is allowed an outlet in the actions of this stock-villain. For instance he is responsible for the injuring and eventual death of Mrs Joe, which is after-all no great loss to Pip who has more than once suffered under the ‘Tickler’. As a result Orlick plays out the moral lessons or moral consequences that Pip never has to undergo. Orlick suffers the rebuke of Biddy, one wonders whether it should not have been Pip, and he suffers in a fight with Joe, and again should this have not been with Pip? When lured to the limekiln, Orlick poignantly blames Pip for the felling of Mrs Joe. ‘You done it; now you pays for it’, he exclaims, almost as if he realises that he is playing the part of scapegoat, carrying out the many actions that Pip more than likely has fantasised about himself. Pip can at least play the role of victim, as long as there are characters such as Orlick who are willing to take his mirror image role as avenger. Great Expectations is one of the most colourful and at the same time painful novels ever written, ultimately a ‘grotesque tragic-comic experience’.19 It draws of a wealth of characters, yet the considerable thing about the novel is that unlike his earlier work, Dickens does not admit any miraculous transformations at the end. There is no suggestion that anyone has survived their past completely unscathed, from Pip’s burns, to the washing of Mr Jagger’s hands, and no-one is given the privileged place of being magically delivered into the heaven of ‘high morality’ and ‘refined sentiment’. The defining of goodness, ultimately high morality and refined sentiment, has come a long way since Dickens earlier novels. It is a novel in which he is no longer ‘willing or able to make the straight satiric indictment which governs†¦morality’. As a result many of his characters are a tragic mixture, and as Sadrin suggested it is the ‘Dickens myth’ raised to the surface, laid upon the table, dissected and criticised’.21 Despite the Oliver Twist beginning, we meet numerous characters who engage in a series of ontological struggles – Wemmick being the only character to have avoided such by adopting ‘Walworth sentiments’ that exist in an entirely personal world where the self can never forget who they really are. For the reader nevertheless, as well as many for many of the characters, of ‘all [Dickens’] books [that] might be called Great Expectations [and where that ‘miserable fallacy’ was mostly likely to lurk]†¦the only book†¦he gave the name†¦was the only book in which the expectation was never realised’22

Film Studies Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Film Studies - Movie Review Example Thesis Statement: "The Green Mile," is an intermittently powerful and meticulously crafted drama that falls short of its full potential due to considerable over-length and some shopworn, simplistic notions at its center which could have been arranged and prioritized through editing. The story is primarily around an inmate called John Coffey. He is a seven-foot black man who is convicted of raping and killing two small white girls. He is a very quiet man and afraid of the dark: this coupled with his enormous size makes him a very memorable man. John Coffey is not able to do such things as tie a knot, and is described as "knowing his own name and not much else." During the primary period of the story there are two other inmates on the block on which the story concentrates. These are Eduard Delacroix, a french man convicted or arson, rape and murder. Delacrioix has a pet mouse called Mr. Jingles, who is able to perform tricks. The other inmate is William Wharton: a tough and boasting character, claiming to be a modern Billy the Kid. After John Coffey arrives the warders realize that he has a special gift. The captain of the guard, Paul Edgecomb, has a urinary infection, which is causing him extreme discomfort. John Coffey realizes this, and when in distance of Pau l, grabs him and heels him. Paul is naturally flabbergasted by this. John Coffey is set to be executed, and the guards realize they have to execute a man with a "gift from God." John Coffey also has the ability to see people's thoughts or memories. William Wharton grabs Coffey's arm, and Coffey sees Wharton's memory of killing the two little girls that Coffey has been convicted of. Coffey transfers this image to Paul, the chief of the guard. By this Paul knows that Coffey is an innocent man. The warders now realize that they have to execute an innocent man with a "gift from God." Identify one theme or message of the movie. Because The Green Mile is an anti-capital punishment exemplum, characters are defined morally in the simplest terms. The director emphasizes the fundamental humanity of the two men who are the first to be executed, Arlen Bitterbuck and Eduard Delacroix. While Frank Darabont tells the audience that the two men are murderers, he shows them speaking and acting with such dignity, love, and simple faith that one perceives their executions as evil, unnatural acts. On three occasions we see the procedure involved in administering death by electrocution, a witnessed event in which certain words are spoken, restraints are attached to the victim, and levers are pulled. It is at this point that we grasp the analogy of the quintessential victim of the death penalty of all time -- someone who performed miracles, who was condemned of something that he did not do, and who forgave those whose interpersonal relations are based on hate rather than love. Analyze one element of film analysis Within individual scenes, Richard Francis-Bruce's editing is precise in obtaining maximum values however there are scenes which could have been edited further. All of the performances, from the leads down through David Morse's laconic prison guard, Doug Hutchison's hateful and mulish one, and Bonnie Hunt's

What you think of the subprime crisis and how it impacts todays Essay

What you think of the subprime crisis and how it impacts todays economy - Essay Example In obvious circumstances, the lenders mortgaged the loan security to other investors in various esoteric combinations. The adverse effects of the subprime crisis lead to hike in interest rates, which forces the Fed to raise rates to combat inflation, which has to be incurred by the common man. Economies of developing countries classified as emerging markets, are still seen by developed country fund managers as risky propositions. So the flight to safety will see some funds pull out of developing countries. This could lead to a stock markets slide in these economies, loss of confidence and slowdown of the real economy. The other source of disruption is construction-led slowdown in the US. This could hit developing economies that export a lot to the US. The subprime crisis also places downward pressure on economic growth, because fewer or more expensive loans decrease investment by businesses and consumer spending, which drive the economy. A separate but related dynamic is the downturn in the housing market, where a surplus inventory of homes has resulted in a significant decline in new home construction and housing prices in many areas. This also places downward pressure on growth. Crisis has caused panic in financial markets and encouraged investors to take their money out of risky mortgage bonds and shaky equities and put it into commodities as "stores of value". Most of the recent increases in global food prices have been the result of speculation and the collapse in the value of the US dollar which is now at Indian Rupees 38.62 per dollar. This crisis has an immense effect on the national stock markets, where the fluctuations in the market prices and shares of the corporations do create an element of doubt in the stakeholders mind and thus leading to kiosk among them. The market value chips down and which tends the financial institutions to come forward and ask for their loans

Organizational Behavior wk 7 discussion Assignment

Organizational Behavior wk 7 discussion - Assignment Example Norms are on the other hand established codes that are communicated to members of the organization and subsequently observed (Cameron and Quinn, 2011). The structure at the company, Google, is organic. This is because of its structural features that include teamwork, integration of efforts and processes, decentralized authority, and informal communication (Cho, 2012). Organizational culture of a company can be a strategic competitive advantage. This is because it is a direct tool to operational efficiency and hence organizational performance. A culture that motivates employees particularly promotes efficiencies towards cost effectiveness. As a result, the organization will be able to achieve competitive advantage through lower prices. Similarly, an informal culture in which the employees are allowed room for experiments into innovation leads to development of new brands of commodities towards competitive advantage (Cameron and Quinn, 2011). The organizational culture at Google Company is an example of cultures that generates effectiveness. The organic structure and the freedom of employee facilitate innovation of processes and products leading to effectiveness (Cho,

Multimedia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Multimedia - Essay Example Digital information refers to the system of information based on discontinuous data or events. In addition, digital literacy defines the overall ability of identifying, utilizing, evaluating, creating, and manipulating information using digital technology, which incorporates the use of discrete and discontinuous values. Such data is expressed in terms of strings of zeroes and ones i.e. 0’s and 1’s, where each of these state digits being referred as a binary digit (Anon, 2009). The emergence of digital information has resulted in the introduction of and adoption of digital technology, which has provided innovations such as digital computers, laptops, digital cameras, iPads, and other digital electronics that have enhanced the digital information processing, and dissemination of digital information. The computing machines distinguish and use only the two binary values of 0’s and 1’s. Digital literacy has been adopted within the higher education because of th e technology change and the need for information access. Higher education includes tertiary institutions such as Colleges, Universities among others. Such institutions have vast number of individuals who need to access more information in terms of research, and within their studying environments to complete assignments and projects. Availability of the internet and networking technologies has efficiently enabled the access, distribution, and communication among individuals using digital literacy. Benefits of digital literacy Digital technology has led to the growth and constant adoption of digital literacy, which has promoted the following benefits. It has enabled majority of the individuals within the higher learning institutions to have constant access to information concerning their courses, performing online assessments and assignments for their academic progress. Learning course materials have been easily uploaded on the major academic sites including the various blackboard sit es for institutions for the students to easily access information, perform online assignments, and submit results for assessment. This has reduced the bulkiness of paperwork within the learning environment and reduced the time required for completion of assignments by both the students and their lecturers. Digital literacy has enabled individuals to make plans, chat with friends, get news concerning academics and the entire world, perform constant downloads for books, software, movies and music from online music stores, and access online shopping through e-commerce sites and companies (Anon, 2009). The technology has increased learner effectiveness, efficiency, engagement, and development of positive student attitudes towards learning. There has been a change in the student behavior in terms of readiness to learning, and integration of the students in the learning process of digital literacy (Underwood, 2009). Technology use Digital literacy technology can be adopted in classroom se ssions by using computing machines (personal computers and portable laptops, iPads among others) which are connected to output devices such as projectors, which output the information. The course materials including lecture notes, assignments, and student results are uploaded on the institution’s intranet, including the e-learning blackboard site and easily downloaded for use in the classrooms with students. In the workplace, such technology can be adopted through various forms such as uploading the information on the company’s site to be accessed only by authorized staff members. Also through conferencing, using digital cameras enables individuals far from their workplace to communicate and virtual conduct meetings with the present members at the offices within the company. Technology implications Digital technology

Is it moally acceptable for government agencies (NSA, CIA FBI) to Essay

Is it moally acceptable for government agencies (NSA, CIA FBI) to eavesdrop on domestic phone calls or intercept emails of its c - Essay Example For this exercise to be acceptable by all bodies involved, the bodies conducting the eavesdropping had to obtain a warranty from the United States Foreign Surveillance Court. This could have legalized the whole exercise and no questions could have arisen from the different bodies that raised their concerns (Risen 19). Many laws against this act have been formulated. These include the wireless telegraphy act 2006 and the regulation of investigatory powers act 2000. Although this act of intercepting emails is good for the security of the country, the bodies conducting the interception should look, for a warranty, to do the same. The N.S.A, F.B.I together with C.I.A, argue that taking of warranties will alert the potential terrorists and the search would not be effective. This essay outlines the reasons why use of unwarranted emails eavesdropping is not good (Bamford 145). First is the fact that this is a breach of civil liberty. Individuals are supposed to be covered under civil rights , which gives them freedom to do what is legally right to the extent that they do not interfere with other people’s life (Radden 19). The act of eavesdropping on emails and phone calls is a violation of human rights to expression, interaction, and speech. These laws cover individuals enabling them to interact and communicate freely without others getting concerned about other individuals’ conversation. In addition to this, confrontation of individuals to know whom they were communicating with is a violation of human rights. The security department needs to show proof of a warranty to eavesdrop someone’s emails and a warranty authorizing interviews in regard to the messages intercepted (Radden 64). The act of eavesdropping is a violation of the privacy policy of the company providing the communication (Janczewski and Colarik 128). Companies providing communication services always have privacy policies by which they are supposed to abide. They are supposed to ensu re that no third party individual encounters the contents of the message unless warranted officially by the government. It is the right of an individual to sue any company that allows third party individuals to get the contents of his emails without an official warranty (Radden 59). The act of eavesdropping can as well cause safety issues to the contents of the message. Certain email messages and calls are supposed to be private and confidential. Such emails explaining or having monetary discussions can easily be decrypted, and the information be used in a bad way so that the money is diverted (Bamford 125). This is very possible within the security bodies; N.S.A, F.B.I and C.I.A simply because the agencies have employees of varied nature. Individuals who can use such advantage to divert the monetary value of the emails and calls to his account exist. This can be very disappointing to the individual and all the people associated with the transaction. The fact that the interception o f the emails is not warranted would make individuals have the privilege of going around the issue without fear from court orders and imprisonment (Janczewski and Colarik 91). It can also be difficult to know the exact person that conducted the transfer of the monetary contents from the email. This is because individuals with the capability to intercept emails may have much more technology to hide any traceable information as to where the money went. This is thus a big problem to the company

Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Disease - Essay Example r of the chromosomes from either parent, a genetic malfunction can occur resulting in the development of an extra genetic material in chromosome number 21. Additional genetic material on chromosome 21, which is responsible for the features of the Down syndrome, can result from three primary genetic variations; trisomy 21, this is when a child is born with three copies of chromosome 21 in all the cells instead of the usual 2 copies. Mosaic Down syndrome, where the child is born with some cells having an extra copy of chromosome 21. Mosaic down syndrome is caused abnormal cell division after fertilization. Translocation Down syndrome occurs when part of chromosome 21 is attached (translocate) onto another chromosome, prior to or at conception (Sherman, 2007). Children born with Down syndrome often have intellectual and physical disabilities. At adult age, a person with Down syndrome present with an IQ equivalent of a nine-year-old. Often, people with Down syndrome presents with stunted growth, webbed neck, low muscle tone, narrow roof of the mouth and flat head. Additionally, they present with abnormal outer, large tongue, flattened nose as well as separation of the first and the second toes (Porth,

Women can be better leaders than men Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Women can be better leaders than men - Essay Example During all centuries it has been considered that men are those who win in this unequal battle. I strongly believe that it happens due to the fact that we have been living in the patriarchal society. It can be explained by the fact that up to the 20th century the most important thing both in the life of individual and in life of the whole countries was physical force. The world lived in the state of permanent wartime – the weapon emplacements appeared in the whole world, every time in different places. And the only thing that could contribute to the result of war was men force. Since ancient times men were chosen to be leaders of societies, tribes, droves and countries. In today’s world that is subordinated not to the physical force but to the intellectual one, women have much more possibilities to show their creativity and potential. More and more women nowadays run the companies or societies, participate in political life and at the same time have those responsibilities of mothers, daughters and sisters. So, the question is â€Å"Does gender influence the leadership potential and skills? What is the difference in the way a woman or man leads other people in an organization oÐ º society? Do those women who obtained the leading posts have any distinguished qualities of character? Why do they have it when the majority of women prefer to neglect it? Female leaders are more aggressive and convincing, demand strictly the orders to be done and, surprisingly, tend to take greater risks than male do. I would like to notice, that it has always been believed that men are more risky creatures than women are, but according to the latest researchers women are more impulsive and that is why they easily take risk. Scientists claim that women are more flexible in communication but at the same tougher in their demand, they are more sympathetic with the problems of the suppliers and employees. Women demand from the members of the organization

Importance of Being Earnest Essay Example for Free

Importance of Being Earnest Essay The Importance of Being Earnest is a serious comedy about trivial matters The Importance of being Earnest is a play that satirizes the Victorian upper classes. In the play, Oscar Wide makes fun of the upper class in many ways. Most commonly, Wilde does this by using comic irony, humor, and witty statements. However, if we look deeper into the text, a lot of the trivial matters characters discuss have a serious side to them. Wilde uses these matters to satirize the Victorian upper even more. The seriousness of death is taken light-heartedly in the play. Rather than associating death with sadness and suffering and grief Jack and Algy portray death as a method of conveniently eliminating unwanted people, whether imaginary or not. When Algy confesses that Bunbury is â€Å"Quite Exploded† something comical arises however, his amusing phrase also has some serious implications. Although at first the fact that Bunbury has exploded may be hilarious, it is also shocking to some of the characters in the play, as Bunbury was â€Å"supposed† to be very close to Algy. Furthermore, Algy talks about his death so lightly, that it makes it seem as if Algy couldn’t care less about losing a close friend. The worst part about the way Algy communicates Bunbury’s death, is that he never admits that Bunbury never existed and lies to all the characters who felt truly sorry for Bunbury. Jack also tells Algy, If Gwendolen accepts me, I am going to kill my brother because Cecily is a little too much interested in him. Another trivial moment is when Jack admits to smoking in front of Lady Bracknell. Lady Bracknell’s replies with: â€Å"Every man should have an occupation of some kind†. Although the audience may laugh at this moment, Wilde shows how the Victorian upper class had absolutely no work to do – and therefore categorized smoking as an occupation. Cucumber sandwiches also are also used to criticize the British upper classes. â€Å"No cucumber sandwiches! † shows the absurdness of the upper classes. The scene and dialog is certainly comical, however, it shows how dramatic and over- the –top the British upper class was. Moreover, in the Victorian Era, The Importance of Being Earnest was watched by middle classes as well was the upper class; the scene must have told the Middle classes a lot about the upper class, especially when they were dramatizing trivial matters like not having cucumber sandwiches. The Name â€Å"Earnest† is also very important in the play, as this too is an example of triviality and seriousness. Gwenolden states that her â€Å"ideal has always been to love some one of the name of Ernest†. Cecily says she pities married woman whose husband is not called Ernest. The name Earnest in itself is a very trivial thing. Although the name Earnest â€Å"inspires utter confidence† Wilde makes fun of the fact that both Jack and Algy are very unhonest men. A name does not define the persons personality or values, however the triviality of the name Ernest is taken out of proportions and treated very seriously in the play. In conclusion, Wilde satirizes the Victorian upper class by making fun of their trivial matters that they treat seriously. Wilde almost swaps seriousness and triviality around so that serious issues are treated trivially and trivial issues are treated seriously. Although back in 19th Century the Victorian classes may have found the play hilarious, today we have a broader view and are able to understand Wilde’s message about the Victorian upper classes more. In fact, Wilde originally subtitled The Importance of Being Earnest â€Å"A Serious Comedy for Trivial People† but changed that to â€Å"A Trivial Comedy for Serious People†. – Isn’t that the same thing though?

Employee Motivation Essay Example for Free

Employee Motivation Essay Abstract. Employee motivation is the psychological feature that arouses an employee to behave in a certain manner for accomplishing certain organizational goals. Individuals differ in motivation along three parameters viz. self-esteem, need for achievement, and intrinsic motivation. There has been a growing emphasis on employees needs rather than just organizational needs, and recognition of the strategic value of employees being developed to their best potential. Organizations have become increasingly aware that the effective development of their employees skills and knowledge has benefits for the whole organization. Performance appraisal can be a crucial factor in the setting of career goals and the perception of job satisfaction leading to increased motivation and productivity. The paper examines employee motivation at the workplace. What is Motivation? Motivation is based on emotions. It is the search for positive emotional experiences and the avoidance of negative emotional experiences. Motivation is involved in the performance of all learned responses. It is a behavior that will not occur unless it is triggered. In general, psychologists question whether motivation is a primary or secondary influence on behavior. For example, is the behavior stemmed from personality, emotion perception, and memory or if motivation stems from concepts that are unique. Each year, billions of dollars are spent on motivation courses by large companies. The course involves training in motivation, meetings to boost motivation, incentives to strengthen motivation, meetings to analyze problems in the workplace motivation, tools to measure motivation mission statements, etc. These training sessions also include how to cope with problems in recruitment, productivity and retention, problems of commitment to teams and corporate agendas. Motivation is extremely important to success and to reach personal and business goals that one has set. Ethics Employees must learn to work together towards common goals. Employees must have an understanding of the organization as a whole and how they fit into the organization. They will most likely need training to acquire the knowledge needed for organizational understanding. Once an understanding of the organization and their role in it has been established, the employee with act on the goals set forth. Management must show the employee the need for their being there and for their output and input. The top to bottom role should be fair and there must be a clear code of corporate ethics. There must be communication between all levels, top to bottom, bottom to top. No employee should be left out. Management should ensure that their employees feel secure and they can be trusted and are equals among their peers. Performance should be viewed as a learning experience, not a horrific experience. Appraisals The annual performance review is one of the most feared and fearful processes that leaves employees angry and depressed as opposed to motivated to perform better. Companies have started to look at the appraisal as a more developmental approach to performance evaluation, instead of making the employee feel more insecure about their job performance. By using this technique, it would emphasize on giving employees the skills they need to perform effectively. The goal of a plan such as this would be to achieve goals that have been set by the company and be appraised on how many of those goals they have reached. Goals should be clear and sufficient to motivate employees into action. Business performance will improve by using an effective appraisal system. By defining clear objectives, the employees will be able to focus on the specified task and company goals. Appraisals help the employees feel that their good work is recognized and that they are valued. It also provides an opportunity to discuss concerns and weaknesses that the employee may have and suggestions may be made to find a solution to the problem. Motivation Techniques In order to motivate employees, they must know what is expected of them. Employees must have a clear understanding of challenges and realistic goals that they must meet. Employees that are encouraged to healthy competition ensure that the criteria for successes are clear and do not encourage resentment or low morale. Tough approaches, like firing staff that are not working to their full potential, can motivate other employees to do work better and strive for those goals that have been set. There is no perfect way to motivate staff. Some psychologists hold that financial bonuses or perks will be enough to motivate employees to give their best effort. Competition between employees is also commonly used as a motivation strategy at times. However, the keys to effective employees are motivation strategies that provide a range of incentives that appeal to the different personalities of the employees. While one individual may be driven by money, another may find job satisfaction or creative opportunities more powerful factors. Some company employee motivation techniques suggest that most employees respond to the same incentives. Money is most commonly used to improve motivation, staff retention and ambition. Everyone is different and has their own view about what is important to their life. For this reason, there are steps that can be used to motivate employees by doing things that they value and mean doing the right thing. They are as follows: Find the right job for the right person Empower Employees Co-operation vs. Competition Involve employees in company development When staff feel secure and nurtured in their work environment they perform  better. These steps help employees feel secure in their environment: Praise and recognition of the employees successes as much as you constructively criticize them. Let employees be aware of their job security. Be a Leader to staff. Create a comfortable working environment. Treat employees fairly. Mangers are responsible for overseeing employees who are engaged in work or learning tasks. Managers must be aware that some employees participate more out of interest in the task than others are. Others gain their satisfaction principally out the way in which their performance on the task leads to rewards like pay or status. But typically there is a mixture of motives for which a range of different incentives is relevant. Most employees will find at least some satisfaction in simply doing the work. The balance of these intrinsic and extrinsic sources of satisfaction varies from one person to another and between different situations. Some people indeed are highly motivated by both intrinsic interest and extrinsic rewards. Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation Most employees understand intrinsic satisfaction or intrinsic motivation, when an activity is satisfying or pleasurable in and of itself. These activities are things employees like and want to do. For most people, intrinsically enjoyable activities are things like eating, resting, laughing, playing games, winning, creating, seeing and hearing beautiful things and people, and so on. To do these things people do not need to be paid, applauded, cheered, thanked, respected, or anything. They do them for the good feelings that are automatically and naturally received from the activity. Intrinsic rewards also involve pleasurable internal feelings or  thoughts, like feeling proud or having a sense of mastery following studying hard and succeeding in a class. Many, maybe most, activities are not intrinsically satisfying enough to get most of people to do them consistently, so extrinsic motivation needs to be applied in the form of rewards, incentives, or as a way to avoid some unpleasant condition. There are many activities that are intrinsically satisfying to some people but not to other people. This diversity suggests that past experiences can have a powerful influence on determining what is intrinsically satisfying to an individual. In many activities, intrinsically satisfying aspects combine with extrinsic pay offs. For example, employees and people in general, intrinsically enjoy conversing and, at the same time, they get attention, praise, support and useful information. In this case where intrinsic and extrinsic motivations are mixed, one might suppose that over a period of time the accompanying extrinsic reinforcements gradually increase our intrinsic enjoyment of the activity and perhaps vice versa. Extrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation comes from without, such as money, titles, honors, trophies or a date. Extrinsic motivation has been found to destroy intrinsic motivation. Presently there is a movement to eliminate extrinsic motivation from schools, hospitals, and government. Extrinsic Motivation can be based on the phrase, Do this, and get this. Methods of Extrinsic Motivation are sometimes controversial. Some argue that employees view their work as a form of punishment and the paycheck is their reward. Extrinsic rewards tend to focus attention more narrowly and to shorten time perspectives, which may result in more efficient production of predefined or standardized products. Job satisfaction and long term commitment to a task may also be affected. Management first thinks about rewarding employees with money as an effective reward. Unfortunately, money will not always motivate employees to perform better or stay with the company longer. Not everyone thinks money makes the  world go round. Intrinsic Motivation Intrinsic motivation is the satisfaction in which the rewards come from carrying out an activity rather from a result of the activity. Employees that are intrinsically motivated tend to be more aware of a wide range of phenomena, while giving careful attention to complexities, inconsistencies, novel events and unexpected possibilities. They need time and freedom to make choices, to gather and process information, and have an appreciation of well finished and integrated products, all of which may lead to a greater depth of learning and more creative output. Intrinsic Motivation is the outcome of a work situation that employees enjoy. It comes from inside of the employee. Employees feel that they are in charge and that they have the opportunity to acquire new skills and abilities to match a different challenge. Employees also feel that they are a part of a successful team. When rewards, such as praise, are based on performance standards that imply one is doing well and performing competently, then the intrinsic interest increases. People like to be told they are doing well. Intrinsic Motivation is an emotional preference that gives pleasure and enjoyment. It stems from a strong emotional interest in an activity. It can be classified as a sense of freedom. Theories. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. Abraham Maslow is considered as the father of Humanistic Psychology. Humanistic Psychology incorporates both Behavioral and Psychoanalytical Psychology. Maslow, although he studied both types of Psychology, he rejected the idea that human behavior is controlled by only internal and external factor. Maslow, instead, based his Motivation Theory on the basis that mans behavior is controlled by both internal and external factors. (pp. ) He also emphasized that humans have the ability to make choices and  exercise free will. Maslow collected data for his theories by studying individuals with an outstanding presence. His studies led him to believe that certain people have needs which are unchanging and genetic. Some needs are more basic than others are and others are more powerful than others are. As these needs are satisfied, new needs are created and other needs emerge. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs is as follows: Basic Needs: Physiological; The need for sleep and rest, food, drink, shelter, sex, and oxygen. Safety; The need to be safe from harm. The need for a predictable world with consistency. The need for fairness, routine, and a sense of stability and security. Growth Needs Love and Belonging: The need for love and affectionate relationships, belonging to a group, and caring. Esteem (two components): Self-respect: The desire for confidence, competence, adequacy, achievement, and mastery. Respect of others: The desire for acceptance, recognition, reputation, appreciation, status, and prestige. Understanding and Knowledge: The needs to satisfy curiosity, explore, discover, find solutions, look for relationships and meaning, and seek intellectual challenges. Aesthetics: The need for beauty in surroundings. Self-actualization: The need for growth, development and utilization of potential, becoming all that one can be; self-fulfillment. McGregors X and Y Theories Two theories of human behavior at work were developed by Douglas McGregor. Theory X and Theory Y. McGregor did not indicate that workers would be type X or type Y. He saw the two types as extremes, with various possible behaviors in between. Theory X workers would be described an individuals who dislike work and avoid work when possible. They also lack ambition and do not like responsibility and prefer to be followers instead of leaders. These individuals also have a desire for feeling secure. Theory Y workers are individuals that could be characterized as individuals who did not dislike work and are considered responsible. These workers consider work as play or a rest time. For Theory Y workers, management would need to challenge the individual and create a working environment where they can show and develop their creativity. With Theory X, receiving rewards motivates the individuals. Kellers ARCS Theory of Motivation John M. Keller designed four conditions for an employee to be motivated. Attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction (ARCS) are these conditions that when an employee uses them, they will become more motivated to do their tasks and reach goals set by themselves or others. Keller suggests that ARCS must happen in sequence. By following the ARCS order, it will keep the employee interested in the topic. If it were to lose its sequential order, then interest will be lost and motivation would not take  place. This motivation theory argues that events that fulfill personal needs or goals will enhance performance and effort put forth by the employee. Each of Kellers conditions build upon the next condition. The management should keep these conditions in mind when designing goals and assigning tasks. The Conditions set by Keller are as follows: Attention: The first and single most important aspect of the ARCS model. It is gaining and keeping the employees attention. Kellers strategies for attention include sensory stimuli, question provocation, and variability. Relevance: Attention and motivation will not be maintained unless the employee believes the training is relevant. The training program should answer the critical question, Whats in it for me? Benefits should be clearly stated. For a sales training program, the benefit might be to help representatives increase their sales and personal commissions. For a safety-training program, the benefit might be to reduce the number of workers getting hurt. For a software-training program, the benefit to users could be to make them more productive or reduce their frustration with an application. Confidence: The confidence aspect is required so that the employee feels that they should put a good faith effort into the organization. If they think they are incapable of achieving the objectives or that it will take too much time or effort, their motivation will decrease. In technology-based training programs, employees should be given estimates of the time required to complete the task or a measure of their progress through the program. Satisfaction: The last is Satisfaction. The employee must obtain some type of satisfaction or reward for achieving the goal or finishing a task. This can be in the form of praise from a supervisor, a raise, or a promotion. If managers are to use this Theory of Motivation, they must address adequate  examples and/or choices for their employees to be available to complete the task or reach a goal. Some employees may be active learners and enjoy experimentation. Some employees may be reflective learners and are more in tune with observing and lectures. These styles must be taken into consideration in order for the employee to feel motivated and be able to help the organization. There are currently thousands of articles on employee motivation research that has evolved from the early work of Maslow, Keller and McGregor. The application of these theories into new communication situations, like the Internet, will be an important contribution for generations to come. Benefits of Motivation Employees It is important that employees are motivated to work hard and increase productivity. Yet some workers are not reaching their full potential. Managers need to be proactive and start or improve existing motivation programs. Employees are aware of what their employers are or arent doing to recognize their efforts. The time it takes to set up a program is minimal, program administration is easy and efficient with automated program tracking and reporting. The end result is a program tailored specifically to the needs of the company. To develop a successful motivation program that benefits a company the following suggestions may be helpful: Specific goals that provide a strong sense of motivation and are expected to be obtained. Equity for all participants. Employees perceiving inequity may lower productivity. High perceived value so the participant becomes emotionally involved in obtaining the goal. Employee involvement during the development of the program and timely feedback to employees continuing throughout the program. Employee motivation is the responsibility of the company and its managers. The company must create a workplace that is full of culture and high achievers in order for the business to improve. Recognition, appreciation and rewards are crucial to employee motivation. A pat on the back or a mention of thanks can literally move mountains. Productivity rises for employees that are rewarded for the work they do. A companys reputation and productivity increases with employees that feel appreciated. Recognition keeps communication open. It is important to keep communication alive with staff. By opening the lines of communication and staying in touch with the employees it will keep you in touch with their needs and desires. Create an atmosphere of cooperation, and give credit where credit is due. In return, the company will have employees that will go the extra hundred miles, and the returns will be tenfold. When an employee is passionate about their involvement and contributions, there will be no limit to the success that can be achieved. Bibliography Pandy, Wayne. (2001) Safety Incentives Recognition. Creating an Achievement Based Safety Culture. Retrieved September 18, 2004 from http://siri.uvm.edu/ppt/csseincentive/sld030.htm Captain Webb, Bob. (2001) Developing productive skills through self-discovery. Retrieved September 18, 2004 from http://www.motivation-tools.com/ Accel Team. (2004) Motivation. Retrieved from http://www.accel- team.com/motivation/index.html Accel Team. (2004) Theorists and their Theories. Retrieved from http://www.accel- team.com/motivation/theory_01.html Carnegie, Dale. (1981). How to Win Friends Influence People; Be a Leader: How to Change People Without Giving Offense or Arousing Resentment (pp. 205-243). New York, NY: Pocket Books. Faculty of Information Studies. (1995) Motivation Theories. University of Toronto Retrieved from http://choo.fis.utoronto.ca/FIS/Courses/LIS1230/LIS1230sharma/motive1.htm